THERMOSTAT FOR LOWER TEMPERATURES

Thermostat for Lower Temperatures

Details are given concerning the construction and operation of relatively simple thermostats which permit maintaining precise temperatures down to 0 degrees C. (with water), or temperatures above that of the ordinary room, and in which the temperature may be quickly altered at short intervals to new levels.

Nitriding iron at lower temperatures.

The microstructure in the surface layer of a pure iron plate was refined at the nanometer scale by means of a surface mechanical attrition treatment that generates repetitive severe plastic deformation of the surface layer. The subsequent nitriding kinetics of the treated iron with the nanostructured surface layer were greatly enhanced, so that the nitriding temperature could be as low as 300 d...

Metrics Thermostat

Hamiltonian for a restricted isoenergetic thermostat.

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations often use mechanisms called thermostats to regulate the temperature. A Hamiltonian is presented for the case of the isoenergetic (constant internal energy) thermostat corresponding to a tunable isokinetic (constant kinetic energy) thermostat, for which a Hamiltonian has recently been given.

A Case for Thermostat User Models

Today’s thermostat setpoint models naïvely assume fixed schedules, ignoring the reality of user control and its large variability. Better models must include more realistic user-behavior profiles to correctly evaluate the energy benefits of the next generation of thermostats against a realistic baseline. Data from a recent thermostat field study were analyzed to demonstrate the variat...